Nightingale Psychology Practice Exam

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• Distinguish between positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia with examples.
• Which types of memory are most associated with REM sleep in consolidation?
• Mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations, such as avoiding eye contact or rehearsing sentences before speaking, are called
• What does the alpha level control in hypothesis testing?
• Hearing a rattlesnake is most likely to trigger which physiological response?
• Which characteristic is typical of Piaget's preoperational stage?
• Which culture promotes an individualist view of the world?
• What is an effect size and why is it important alongside p-values?
• Which theorist proposed lifespan development with eight psychosocial stages, each requiring resolution of a crisis?
• Which limbic structure is primarily involved in emotional processing?
• Which statement best describes the encoding stage of memory?
• This street-bystander scenario illustrates which phenomenon: people assume others will help and thus no one does?
• The bystander effect describes decreased helping when others are present; which factor can reduce it?
• Which structure is primarily involved in memory formation and consolidation?
• Reliability in testing. Which statement is true?
• Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States?
• In the Schachter-Singer theory, what role does cognitive labeling play?
• Ted conducts a study regarding how walking on a treadmill instead of sitting at a desk impacts worker productivity. This study is within the industrial-organizational specialty area of ______ psychology.
• If a study has high internal validity but low external validity, which statement is true?
• Which term refers to the cause of a disorder?
• Which controversial issue questions whether intelligence can be summarized by a single general factor or multiple intelligences, and raises concerns about culture bias?
• Which term describes an approach that is non-directive and emphasizes the client's capacity for self-direction?
• Which cognitive bias involves favoring information that supports an existing belief while ignoring contrary evidence?
• What is a deviation IQ score and how is it interpreted in modern testing?
• Which personality disorder is characterized by grandiosity and need for admiration?
• A negative attitude toward an individual based solely on membership in a group is called:
• Nathan has an overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance. He is preoccupied with fantasies of success and believes that he is entitled to special treatment from others. Nathan appears to suffer from _____ personality disorder.
• Which of the following is an example of neuroplasticity?
• According to Carl Rogers, a healthy personality results from congruence between one's real self and which of the following?
• What was the main idea behind Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
• In industrial-organizational psychology, the field focusing on optimizing human interaction with work systems and technology is called.
• Which Piaget stage is characterized by development of logical thought about concrete objects?
• Which brain region is involved in error monitoring and attention?
• Which term describes a negative attitude toward a person based solely on their group membership?
• Which description correctly matches the James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter-Singer theories of emotion?
• Which statement best describes the dynamic studied by IO psychology?
• Which pairing is correct? Episodic — mood disorder characterized by recurrent depressive episodes with symptom-free intervals.
• Describe quasi-experimental designs and true experiments. Which statement is correct?
• Which ethical principle is exemplified by obtaining voluntary informed consent before participation in research?
• Which statement describes industrial-organizational psychology?
• Which option best illustrates self-serving bias?
• Which term refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state not tied to a specific event?
• Conformity involves changing behavior to match a group, while obedience involves following orders from an authority figure. Which option correctly pairs each concept with its classic study?
• Which statement best describes extrinsic motivation?
• Which strategy would effectively prevent groupthink when making group decisions?
• About what percent of people who seek treatment for substance use relapse after abstinence?
• Which culture probably does not promote a collectivist view of the world?
• Self-worth, accomplishment, and confidence represent which Maslow level?
• Explain the biopsychosocial model of case formulation.
• How should deception and debriefing be handled in psychological research?
• Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with reward and motivation?
• Which therapy emphasizes unconscious processes and past conflicts?
• The notion that the manner in which one's brain develops can have a significant impact on a person's cognitive functioning is central to the _____ perspective in developmental psychology.
• Describe the diagnostic features of major depressive disorder.
• Which statement best differentiates Maslow's hierarchy of needs from self-determination theory?
• Which neurotransmitter is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS?
• Which perspective emphasizes the role of brain development in cognitive function?
• Prolonged stress can lead to stomach ulcers, illustrating stress has a negative what kind of impact?
• Acetylcholine is involved in which functions?
• The need for which explains why we connect on social media, join clubs, and seek company?
• Which symptom is not typically associated with autism spectrum disorder?
• Which of the following is a pharmacological criterion for substance use disorders?
• What is the final stage in Kubler-Ross's model of grief?
• Differentiate between experimental and correlational designs and give one advantage of each.
• Which therapy approach is described as non-directive and rooted in humanistic psychology?
• Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with inhibitory neurotransmission in the brain?
• Which design choice improves external validity?
• What do studies show about stress and memory?
• Which pairing is correct? DSM-5 — The classification system used by most mental health professionals in the United States
• What term describes a workplace climate where sexual comments or images create a hostile environment for employees?
• In cross-cultural psychology, which country is commonly associated with an individualist culture?
• Reliability vs validity in psychological testing. Which statement best differentiates the two concepts?
• A key benefit of group therapy is that it decreases a client's sense of shame and isolation while allowing them to offer support to others.
• In cognitive-behavioral therapy, what is the aim of cognitive restructuring?
• What distinguishes generalized anxiety disorder from other anxiety disorders?
• Which example demonstrates extrinsic motivation?
• Identify the correct description of encoding, storage, and retrieval in memory.
• What strategies reduce confounding variables in research?
• According to Jean Piaget, in the__________ stage, children begin to use abstract thinking processes
• What would Carl Jung suggest about Max?
• Thorndike's law of effect proposed?
• Which statement best differentiates psychodynamic therapy from humanistic therapy in their focus?
• What principle underlies cognitive-behavioral therapy?
• Maslow identified the highest need as which of the following?
• KSA in job specification stands for what?
• Which example best illustrates a self-serving bias?
• Which institutional setting replaced asylums in caring for the mentally ill?
• What is exposure therapy and which disorder is it commonly used to treat?
• Which statement best contrasts behavior therapy with psychoanalysis?
• The process that describes changing existing schemas in response to new information is called?
• Define construct validity and provide an example.
• Which process involves fitting new information into an existing schema without changing the schema?
• Describe a double-blind study and its importance.
• Which of the following is considered a physiological need in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
• During adolescence, the main psychosocial task is to develop a coherent sense of self; this stage is known as?
• The process of moving to an area that is most suited for one's personality tendencies is called Migration.
• Tammy recovers quickly from setbacks and stays focused on mastery. This demonstrates high what, according to Bandura?
• What term refers to mental or behavioral efforts used to manage problems relating to stress, including the cause and unpleasant feelings and emotions it produces?
• Describe two types of reliability and give an example.
• Which topics are listed as part of intrapersonal study in social psychology?
• Which two components are required for emotion according to the two-factor theory?
• In client-centered therapy, what is the described technique where the therapist restates the client's message to show understanding?
• Which factor is NOT included in the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory?
• Industrial-organizational psychology studies how people relate to work and how work affects people. Which option reflects that focus?
• Which theorist argued that development continues across the entire lifespan?
• Which Maslow level is associated with self-worth and confidence?
• Cole's pattern of depressive episodes with symptom-free intervals is described as
• Which neurotransmitter is most closely linked to mood regulation?
• Which aspect of the definition of happiness gives the impression that it is a long-term state rather than a brief mood that we experience from time to time?
• Which type of social influence involves conforming to others to be liked or accepted, rather than because of evidence?
• Which level of Maslow's hierarchy concerns belonging and love?
• Which statement best describes client-centered therapy as a form of therapy?
• What is the DSM-5 and its purpose in psychology?
• Which field seeks to identify and promote qualities that lead to happy, fulfilled, and contented lives rather than focusing on pathology, faults and problems?
• Which theory emphasizes learning by observing others and modeling behaviors?
• Amber bites her nails when nervous, without conscious awareness; this is an example of a which concept?
• Which term describes the strengthening of a group's original attitude after discussion among members?
• Attachment theory was primarily developed by which researchers?
• In the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory, what determines the specific emotion that is experienced?
• In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which type of needs is at the base (lowest level)?
• Which of the following is an example of a stimulus-based definition of stress?
• Explain bias and confounding in research and give an example of each.
• What is the role of REM sleep in memory consolidation?
• Which of the following is a common characteristic of all dissociative disorders?
• Which domain of development includes learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, and creativity?
• The hierarchy of needs is the spectrum of needs ranging from
• Research on gender diversity in teams indicates that teams with balanced gender representation tend to show higher performance in which areas?
• What is a p-value and what does it indicate in hypothesis testing?
• The co-occurrence of two psychiatric diagnoses in one person is called what?
• Object permanence is typically associated with which Piagetian stage?
• Describe attachment theory and the major attachment styles.
• What was the most stressful event found on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale with a Life Change Unit score of 100?
• Mood disorders have a strong what component?
• Schachter-Singer two-factor theory posits that emotion comprises which two factors?
• Which conditioning involves reinforcing or punishing subsequent behavior to shape it?
• What does research suggest about gender diversity and team productivity?
• Which of the following is NOT a core component of cognitive-behavioral therapy?
• Which pairing is correct? Coping — refers to mental or behavioral efforts to manage problems relating to stress.
• Rosetta is a master electrician. What form of sexual harassment does this represent?
• On the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, which event has a Life Change Unit score of 100?
• Which pairing is correct? Safety behaviors — actions that reduce anxiety in social situations.
• Which term describes the expected behaviors associated with a given social position?
• Which domain involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, and motor skills?
• A psychological disorder is defined as which of the following?
• What is the order of the five stages of grief proposed by Elisabeth Kubler-Ross?
• Define multicultural psychology and one principle of cultural competence.
• Which memory stores personal life events with context?
• When Jacob came home upset, his wife listened and tried to understand his feelings, she demonstrates what interpersonal skill?
• Autism spectrum disorder does not include
• Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified?
• What is the difference between Type I and Type II errors in hypothesis testing?
• What defines substance use disorder in terms of diagnostic criteria?
• What describes the fundamental attribution error?
• Which of the following is NOT typically a developmental issue during the Piagetian preoperational stage?
• What best captures the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?
• Which field focuses on workplace behavior, satisfaction, and motivation?
• What are the core components of cognitive-behavioral therapy?
• What term describes a subjective, affective state of being that we describe as our feelings?
• Which Jungian term describes the inner feminine aspect in men?
• An organizational psychologist studies topics such as worker satisfaction, motivation and commitment. Which options lists a relevant focus?
• Name two brain regions involved in executive function.
• What is a typical aim of industrial-organizational psychology?
• What are the ethical concerns around using deception in research and how are they mitigated?
• Which medication is commonly used to treat ADHD?
• What kind of job interview is most successful at predicting later job performance?
• Addiction is often viewed as a(n) ______ disease that can rewire the brain.
• Which of the following is included in intrapersonal topics of social psychology?
• What is the purpose of random assignment in experimental research?
• In industrial-organizational psychology, which subfield focuses on evaluating job candidates and defining job requirements?
• What term describes stress associated with positive feelings and optimal health and performance?
• Which statement best illustrates inter-rater reliability?
• Which therapy emphasizes unconditional positive regard?
• What is internal validity?
• In medieval times, what would be the most likely form of treatment for psychological distress?
• An emergency room nurse becomes completely indifferent to a child's pain. This illustrates which dimension of burnout?
• Which concept explains reduced likelihood to help when others are present?
• What is a common ethical concern regarding intelligence testing?
• What is the purpose of neuropsychological assessments?
• Define operationalization and provide an example.
• What is the structure and purpose of the clinical interview in assessment?
• ________ best describes the type of factors that influence an individual's emotional, mental, and social well-being, particularly in response to life events?
• Which agency enforces laws prohibiting employment discrimination?
• The need for which trait motivates someone to pursue another degree?
• Which therapy emphasizes self-actualization, present experience, and unconditional positive regard?
• Which pairing is correct? Etiology — The cause of a disorder.
• What term describes a pattern of behavior that is expected of a person or group in a given social position?
• Erikson's first stage is characterized by which psychosocial crisis?
• Age-specific approximations of when a given skill should first appear in normal development are called?
• Which attachment style is characterized by inconsistent or contradictory behavior toward the caregiver and is often linked to frightening caregiver behavior?
• Which of the following is not an example of Legislation Prohibiting Employment Discrimination?
• The term for the presence of two or more disorders in one person is what?
• In Baddeley and Hitch's model, which component handles multimodal integration?
• In group therapy, participants often provide what to one another?